What is Arthritis in Cats?

Arthritis, also known as degenerative joint disease or osteoarthritis, is a chronic and progressively painful condition that affects the joints of cats. Similar to humans, it is often linked to aging and may impact 70% to 90% of cats over the age of 12. This condition develops gradually over the years, with various changes occurring within the joints. The cartilage that usually cushions and protects the joint deteriorates, causing abnormal bone-on-bone contact. As a result, nearby bone can splinter and create sharp projections into the joint, leading to joint inflammation, swelling, and pain.

The most commonly affected joints in cats with arthritis include the spine, hips, knees, and elbows, though any joint can be affected. Arthritis is a progressive condition, meaning it gradually worsens over time. As the changes in the joints cause discomfort, cats may exhibit reduced mobility and lameness. Although arthritis is generally considered an age-related condition, it does not appear to be influenced by breed or gender in cats.

Symptoms of Arthritis in Cats:

Some cats with arthritis may not display noticeable symptoms, as they are often skilled at concealing their pain. However, clear signs of arthritis can include limping, joint swelling, and muscle loss.

Cats may show arthritis symptoms in subtle ways, making it hard for owners to detect. Some cats may become reluctant to jump or play as they did when they were younger. They might also show reduced energy or agility, and may stumble or fall when trying to jump onto or off surfaces.

Cats with arthritis may struggle to move comfortably enough to groom themselves, leading to a more unkempt appearance. Some owners notice changes in their cat’s posture, such as not sitting or sleeping in their usual positions. If arthritis causes discomfort while using the litter box, cats may associate the pain with the box itself and begin eliminating outside of it. These changes typically develop gradually over time rather than happening suddenly.

Causes of Arthritis in Cats:

Arthritis can develop without an obvious cause, though genetics may contribute, and this form is most commonly linked to aging. It can also arise following joint injuries, even minor ones, which may result from:

• Ligament injury (such as ACL tear).
• Conditions related to the immune system, such as immune-mediated non-erosive polyarthritis.
• Tick-borne diseases, like Lyme disease.
• Physical trauma, such as injuries from a car accident or a fall.
• Congenital defect.
• Infection.

Arthritis advances because of the characteristics of the joint. Following an injury, the cartilage releases enzymes that accelerate the breakdown of both cartilage and collagen, leading to increased inflammation.

How Veterinarians Diagnose Arthritis in Cats?

Veterinarians may suspect arthritis in cats during a physical exam, but additional tests are needed to confirm the diagnosis. Some cats, however, may not show obvious symptoms and can be quite stoic. In these cases, arthritis is often discovered incidentally through physical exam findings or during an X-ray.

In a physical exam, veterinarians might observe the following signs in a cat with arthritis:

• Lameness.
• Alterations in gait, posture, or sitting habits.
• Difficulties sitting or getting up.
• Swollen or thickened joints.
• Crepitus, or clicking sounds in the joints during movement.
• Pain on palpation of joints.
• Decreased range of motion of joints.

Although a veterinarian may strongly suspect arthritis, additional diagnostic tests are necessary for confirmation. X-rays are commonly used to examine bones and joints for changes. Abnormalities that may be detected on X-rays include:

• Joint distention.
• Bony outgrowths.
• Soft-tissue thickening.
• Narrowed joint spaces.
• Calcified, free-floating bony fragments known as joint mice.

Veterinarians might recommend a trial of pain medications to assess the level of pain.

Treatment of Arthritis in Cats:

Arthritis is very common in cats, but there are various methods to help them feel more comfortable and stay active. With proper management, it is possible to slow the disease’s progression and help them lead fulfilling lives. A multi-modal approach, which involves using several therapies together, usually provides the best results.

Obesity is a major concern for cats with arthritis, as excess weight increases the strain on their joints. Reducing the weight of an overweight cat with arthritis is crucial for alleviating joint pressure. Initiating a weight reduction diet is an important step. Consult your veterinarian to determine the appropriate food and caloric intake for your cat.

Additional treatment options for arthritic cats include medications, supplements, various therapies, and surgery. Below is an overview of the available treatment possibilities:

Pain Medications:

• Non-steroidal anti-inflammatories (such as meloxicam and Onsior) are effective for alleviating pain and inflammation. However, they may put considerable stress on internal organs and often have limitations on the duration of use.
• Gabapentin serves multiple purposes and is effective for managing pain, making it a suitable choice for cats suffering from arthritis.
• Opioids can be administered, but they necessitate extra precautions and may lead to sedation.
• Polysulfated glycosaminoglycan (Adequan) is an injectable prescription medication that promotes joint health by inhibiting harmful enzymes within the joint. Although it is not officially approved for use in cats, you should consult your veterinarian about the possibility of using it off-label.
• Frunevetmab (Solensia) is a newer medication utilizing monoclonal antibodies, specifically developed for cats with arthritis. Although there are limited studies on its use in cats, it may prove to be a beneficial treatment option.
• Amantadine might also offer pain relief for certain cats.

READ THIS: Comprehensive Approach to Managing Arthritis in Dogs: Treatments, Therapies, and Strategies